Comparison of types 2 and 3 quadratus lumborum muscle blocks : Open inguinal hernia surgery in patients with spinal anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of quadratus lumborum muscle block (QLB) in abdominal surgery is known; however, the efficacy of different QLB types is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ultrasound-guided QLB type 2 and type 3 on postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores in patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study 60 patients undergoing open inguinal hernia surgery were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Group QLB2 received ultrasound-guided QLB type 2 and group QLB3 received ultrasound-guided QLB type 3 with 0.25% 20 mL bupivacaine. In the control group (group C) no intervention was performed. Postoperative analgesia was performed intravenously with 1000 mg paracetamol every 6 h and patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl. Postoperative visual analog scale scores (VAS), opioid consumption, and first analgesic requirement time were evaluated. RESULTS: Fentanyl consumption was significantly higher in group C compared to the other groups at all time intervals (p < 0.05). Fentanyl consumption was significantly higher in group QLB2 compared to QLB3 at the 4-8 h, 8-24 h, and total 24 h. Passive VAS 4h and 8 h, active VAS 4h, 8h, and 12 h were significantly lower in group QLB3 compared to QLB2 (p < 0.05). The first analgesic time was significantly later in group QLB2 compared to group C (280.52 ± 89.20 min and 183.75 ± 42.79 min, respectively) and even later in group QLB3 compared to the other two groups (463.42 ± 142.43 min, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of QLB2 and QLB3 decreased postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores in patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgery. Furthermore, QLB3 provided more effective and longer lasting postoperative analgesia and lower opioid consumption compared to QLB2.

The effect of colloid preload versus prophylactic ephedrine administration on QTc intervals during cesarean delivery: A randomized controlled study.

AIM: We aimed to investigate the effect of colloid infusion immediately before the spinal anesthesia, and the prophylactic intravenous (IV) infusion of ephedrine after injection of intrathecal bupivacaine on hemodynamic parameters, QT, The QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc), and dispersion of QTc (QTcDisp) intervals in women undergoing the elective cesarean section. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty women scheduled for elective cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia were allocated randomly to receive either IV fluid preloading with 0.5 L of 6% w/v hydroxyethyl starch solution immediately before the spinal anesthesia (colloid group, n = 30) or prophylactic IV infusion of 15 mg ephedrine (diluted with 10 ml saline, n = 30) over 1-min period after the injection of intrathecal bupivacaine (ephedrine group). Electrocardiography (ECG) tracings were recorded before anesthesia procedure at baseline (T0), 5 min (T1), 10 min (T2), 30 min (T3), 60 min (T4), and 120 min (T5) after the spinal anesthesia. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) values were also recorded at the same time intervals. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups with respect to MAP, HR, SpO2, QT, and QTc intervals at any time points (P > 0.05). When compared with the colloid group, the QTcDisp interval at T1was significantly longer in the ephedrine group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both methods have similar effects on the ECG and hemodynamic parameters during cesarean section. So, both methods may be used in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia.

HELLP syndrome is still a serious, life-threatening complication of pregnancy: admission of 34 women to an eastern Turkish intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: The transfer of the obstetric patient to the intensive care unit is considered as an indicator of maternal morbidity. The most important two indications for admittance of the obstetric patient to the intensive care unit are postpartum hemorrhage and hypertensive disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine maternal morbidity and mortality rates in patients diagnosed with hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome who required intensive care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The charts of 34 patients who were diagnosed with HELLP syndrome and treated in intensive care unit between the years 2005 - 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 151 patients were diagnosed with HELLP syndrome and 34 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. Mean age of the patients was 28.97 ± 7.26 years and there was no significant difference be- tween survivors and non-survivors (p = 0.442). There were no significant differences between survivors and non-survivors in terms of gestational age, parity, and multiparity rates (p > 0.05). There was 31.2% mortal cases and 77.8% of living cases had received regular antenatal follow-up and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.006). 30 patients (88.2%) required invasive mechanical ven- tilation. The average Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of patients was 6.47 ± 4.34. There were significant differences between patients who lived and who died in terms of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (p < 0.05). Twenty-two patients (64.7%) required transfusion of blood and blood products. Maternal mortality occurred in 16 patients (47%). The causes of death were: intracerebral hemorrhage in six cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in three cases, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in three\cases, sepsis/multi- ple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in two cases, hepatic rupture in one case, and massive pulmonary embolism in one case. Con- clusion: HELLP syndrome is still one of the most serious and life-threatening complications of pregnancy. Mortality rate can be reduced by regular antenatal follow-up and transfer of pregnant women who carry risk to the intensive care unit without delay.

Anesthetic Management in Children with Congenital Lobar Emphysema.

BACKGROUND: The cause of congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is unknown and characterized by hyperinflation of one or more lobes of the lung. The purpose of this retrospective study was to present the anesthetic management of children with congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) receiving treatment in our center. METHODS: Ten children underwent CLE-related surgical treatment in our center between March 1995 and August 2014. All cases were diagnosed on the basis of postero-anterior chest radiography and computerized tomography. Age, sex, preoperative clinical findings, location of lesions, surgical and anesthetic procedures, results of anesthesia and duration of hospitalization were evaluated. RESULTS: Six patients were male (60%) and four female (40%). Their ages ranged from 40 days to 6 years. Dyspnea was present in all cases and severe in four of them. Four patients had emphysema in the left upper lobe, three in the right middle lobe, one in the right upper lobe and one in the left lower lobe. All patients were extubated in the operating room and none experienced post-operative respiratory distress. Post-operative analgesia was provided via the previously placed intrapleural catheter. All the patients were extubated in the operation room. There was no post-operative mortality or morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthetic management of patients with CLE is challenging. In these patients the surgical team and -anesthetists should collaborate closely and the time between anesthesia induction and thoracotomy should be as short as possible.

The effect of intravenous preemptive paracetamol on postoperative fentanyl consumption in patients undergoing open nephrectomy: a prospective randomized study.

AIM: We investigated the efficacy of intravenous (IV) preemptive paracetamol on postoperative total fentanyl consumption and fentanyl-related side effects in patients undergoing open nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 patients scheduled for elective open nephrectomy under general anesthesia were included. All patients received Patient-controlled IV analgesia with fentanyl postoperatively. Patients were randomly allocated into three equal groups: The fentanyl group received 100 mL of IV normal saline as a placebo, with the first dose ending 30 min before intubation. In paracetamol group, IV 1 g paracetamol was given to the patients 30 min after extubation with repeated doses every 6 h totally 4 times a day. In preemptive paracetamol group, patients received IV 1 g paracetamol every 6 h, with the first dose ending 30 min before intubation. RESULTS: Postoperative cumulative fentanyl consumption for 24 h was significantly higher in the fentanyl group (1009 ± 139.361 µg) than those of paracetamol (752.25 ± 112.665 µg) and preemptive paracetamol groups (761.10 ± 226.625 µg) (P = 0.001 for both). In early postoperative period (0-4 h); whereas total fentanyl consumption showed no statistically significant difference among groups (P = 0.186), the nausea-vomiting scores were significantly higher in the fentanyl group compared with other groups (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing open nephrectomy, use of preemptive or postoperative paracetamol reduces fentanyl related nausea-vomiting without a decrease in total fentanyl consumption in the early postoperative period. Furthermore, use of preemptive or postoperative paracetamol reduces total fentanyl requirements in the first 24 h postoperatively providing a safe and effective postoperative analgesia.

The effects of different doses of caudal morphine with levobupivacaine on postoperative vomiting and quality of analgesia after circumcision.

The study aim was to investigate the effect of three different morphine doses added to levobupivacaine 0.125% for caudal analgesia after circumcision surgery in children, particularly in relation to the frequency of postoperative vomiting within the first 24 hours following surgery. Two hundred and forty patients aged 5 to 12 years undergoing circumcision were included in the study. Following induction, caudal 0.125% levobupivacaine 0.5 ml/kg was given after adding 7.5, 10 or 15 µg/kg morphine. The postoperative incidence of vomiting was 5%, 12.5% and 17.5% in the groups 7.5, 10 and 15 µg/kg morphine, respectively (P=0.012, 7.5 versus 15 µg/kg groups). Five percent of the 7.5 µg/kg group and none of the patients in the other groups required paracetamol within the first 12 hours, and there was a significantly greater need for rescue paracetamol over the 24 hours in the 7.5 group versus the 15 µg/kg group (P=0.013). Postoperative analgesic durations were long and did not differ between groups (1273±338, 1361±192 and 1426±48 minutes, respectively, P=0.08). In conclusion, because the incidence of vomiting is very low, the duration of postoperative analgesia is long and a dose of 7.5 µg/kg caudal morphine is much lower than doses previously reported to be associated with respiratory depression, this study supports the use of 7.5 µg/kg caudal morphine added to 0.125% levobupivacaine for circumcision surgery.

Maternal and neonatal effects of adding morphine to low-dose bupivacaine for epidural labor analgesia.

AIM: Labor is one of the most painful experiences a woman may face during her lifetime. One of the most effective methods used for eliminating this pain is epidural analgesia. The aim of this study to determine the impact of adding morphine to low-dose bupivacaine epidural anesthesia on labor and neonatal outcomes, and maternal side effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective randomized double-blind study comparing two regimens of anesthetic agents used for epidural anesthesia in labor. A total of 120 pregnant women were randomized into two groups with 60 subjects in each study arm. A catheter was inserted, and 0.1% bupivacaine + 2 µg/mL fentanyl in 15 mL saline were given to Group bupivacaine-fentanyl (Group BF), while 0.0625% bupivacaine + 2 µg/ml fentanyl + 2 mg morphine in 15 mL saline were given to Group bupivacaine-fentanyl-morphine (Group BFM) with no test dosing from the needle. No morphine was added to the subsequent epidural injections in Group BFM. RESULTS: The total dose of bupivacaine was significantly lower in Group BFM relative to Group BF (P = 0.0001). The visual analogu scalescores at 15, 30, and 45 min were significantly lower in Group BF compared to thosein Group BFM (P = 0.0001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.006, respectively). The second stage of labor was significantly shorter in Group BFM relative to Group BF (P = 0.027 and P = 0.003, respectively). The satisfaction with analgesia following the first dose was higher in the nonmorphine group (P = 0.0001). However, maternal postpartum satisfaction was similar in both groups. Either nausea or vomiting was recorded in eight patients in Group BFM. CONCLUSION: We believe that epidural analgesia comprised of a low-dose local anaesthetic and 2 mg morphine provides a painless labor that significantly reducesthe use of local anesthetic without changing the efficiency of the analgesic, ensuring the mother's satisfaction without leading to an adverse effect on the mother or foetus, while mildly (but significantly) shortening the second stage of labor.